Neutron research and applications

From basic science to practical applications - neutron research spans a wide range of topics. Here are some examples:

	Magnetism Many magnetic properties of materials can only be studied by neutron scattering. An important application of magnetic properties on the atomic scale is the development of innovative materials for data storage. Superconductors that are capable of loss-free power transmission and have other useful properties, are being studied by neutron scattering.
	Making hydrogen visible Biological molecules are often large and complex. Many parts of their structure can be studied using photons, but the position of single hydrogen atoms can only be determined using neutrons - and a single hydrogen position often determines the mode of ation of genes, enzymes, catalysts and antibiotics. Neutron scattering experiments therefore provide indispensible information for the understanding of such reactions and their effect.
	Non-destructive testing Since neutrons are neutral, they penetrate deeply into matter - even metals. Imaging methods like neutron radiography and -tomography help understanding the structure of new materials such as ceramics, polymers and fibre composites. Even under load operation, internal stress in the inside of meterials can be shown, so that metrial fatigue can be prevented (residual stress analysis in aircraft- and railway construction).
	New materials Neutrons help finding new materials: Lead-free ferroelectrics for cell phones, diffusion layers for fuel cells, new superconductors, alloys for future gas turbines and many more.
	Understandning processes Neutron research gives insight into processes that are not understood so far: Is it a good idea to store CO₂ in bedrock? What is function of the hydration shell around proteins? Do nanoparticles interact? How do plat roots change the water uptake of soil? What hardens steel and how can welding be improved?
	Detecting trace elements - important for the environment and arts Neutron activation uses the nuclear reaction of material that is expoed to neutrons to identify trace elements in the sample. The method is highly sensitive, and the sample (e.g. a precious artefact or painting) is not being harmed.
	Production of radionclides for medicine and research Radioisotopes from research reactors can mark tumors and even treat them gently. They also help monitoring blood flow, inflammations, cardiac insufficiency and other processes.
	Origin of the universe In an early stage of the universe neutrons made up a major part of matter. The origin of light elements and the isotope distribution can be understood better when the exact life time of the free neutron is known. It also helps unterstanding the weak interactions better.